Aquaculture design pdf

Genetic resource management -- 5. Use of wild fish as feed in aquaculture -- 6. Use of wild fishery resources for capture-based aquaculture. Rohovec,John L. Fryer,Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program, published by Unknown which was released on Download or read online Health Management in Aquaculture written by Anonim, published by Unknown which was released on Get Health Management in Aquaculture Books now!

Aquaculture has been expanding in a fast rate, and further development should rely on the assimilation of scientific knowledge of diverse areas such as molecular and cellular biology, and ecology. Understanding the relation between farmed species and their pathogens and parasites, and this relation to environment is a great challenge. Although some nations, such as Japan, have invested in aquaculture research and developed major aquaculture industries, the opportunities for similar devel opment in the United States remain largely unnoticed.

Use of immunomodulators, adjuvants and vaccine carriers in fish culture are among the range of attractive methods for inducing and building up protection against diseases.

Increased use of the understanding of the non-cellular immunity in crustacea to develop novel health management tools has been attempted with reasonable success. Use of. Home Aquaculture Health Management. Aquaculture Health Management.

Aquaculture Health Management by Frederick S. Kibenge,Mark D. Fish Health Management in Aquaculture by J. Sea Grant College Program. Health Management in Aquaculture by Anonim. David,Reinaldo J. Although genetic engineering can clearly benefit the aquacultural industry, its development and application are tied to the needs of aquaculture industries in the First World.

The benefits of genetic engineering to people in the Third World countries are unclear for several reasons. The development of transgenic organisms is a highly technical and costly enterprise that requires an intensive industry working under rigid controls. An adequate return on investment may be possible in countries where aquaculture is practiced intensively e. We believe that the use of transgenic organisms with altered temperature or salinity tolerance should be avoided in aquaculture.

The Role of International Organizations and Governments in the Development of Aquaculture If aquaculture is to provide an important contribution to world nutrition, and if aquaculture is to reduce the pressure on wild fish stocks, substantial changes must be made by international funding agencies, governments, and the private sector.

These entities must finance projects to protect coastal ecosystems, to promote research and development of native species, and to encourage farming of low-trophic-level fish, those that are low in the food chain. It is well known that some of these species have caused serious damage to species richness and have reduced biodiversity Moyle, ; Zaret and Paine, ; Hayes and Jennings, Seventy five exotic species of fish introduced into Panama are not enough?

Therefore, the World Bank is well aware of the potential dangers. Why then does it not mention this risk in a Venezuelan project to introduce L.

FAO decided to start a study on the genetic improvement of these fishes, and approved a Technical Cooperation Project with Venezuela that included the selection of breeders from stocks available in the country and the import of adult stocks as required Pedini and Shehadeh, The question is then, what about all the recommendations FAO, about introductions and transfers of exotic aquatic organisms? How can they spend money on a project like that which was a complete failure , instead of helping the country to develop the cultivation of local fishes?

Governments bear the largest responsibility when introducing exotic species. Here we examine the case of two countries, Venezuela and Chile. Leaflets and posters were made to promote their cultivation, under the name of "pink snapper", a marine fish highly appreciated by Venezuelans. Although tilapias are freshwater fish, they are able to live in marine waters, where they can reproduce and have viable progenies Watanabe et al. Shortly after the introduction of red tilapia, it became clear that rearing these fish was not the easy task that government officials claimed it to be.

These introductions were made without studies of any kind, and SARPA approved them after the algae were already in Venezuelan waters. In Chile, as a consequence of some particular isolation conditions, and despite the fact that they are a reduced group of small-size species with a few inconspicuous individuals for each species, Chilean freshwater fishes are very important from a biological point of view because of the presence of relict groups.

Recently, with the purpose of increasing aquaculture production, there have been an astonishing number of introductions, and reintroductions in some cases, of aquatic organisms in Chile Anonymous, , : Mollusks. Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas , red abalone Haliotis rufescens , Japanese abalone H. Giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii , shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei, L.

Fish: Halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus , hirame Paralichthys olivaceus , turbot Scophthalmus maximus , white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus , Siberian sturgeon A.

Most of these introductions have been made under the responsibility of Foundation Chile, a technology transfer company established by the government to develop new products, with a clear objective: to increase the economic income of the country. Conclusions and Recommendations When FAO, the World Bank and the Interamerican Development Bank promote the introduction and cultivation of exotic organisms, they not only cut short the possibilities of orienting research toward development of cultivation technologies of native species with great potential for aquaculture.

They also exclude the knowledgeable expertise that may be found in national universities, which face tremendous economic difficulties. At present, one cannot help but wonder how officials from these institutions can possibly make decisions that may affect all the people from our countries without even the appropriate local consultation.

Local politicians often want immediate results and make a case for the introduction of exotics. Why import exotic species, if species with a great potential for aquaculture can be found in our countries? In Venezuela there are scallops such as Euvola ziczac and Nodipecten nodosus, fish such as the cachamas Colossoma macropomus and Piaractus brachipomus and the peackbass Cichla ocellaris, crustaceans such as Litopenaeus smithii.

In Chile there are scallops such as Argopecten purpuratus already a very important item for exportation , the "loco" Concholepas concholepas , superior in texture and flavor to abalone species; and in the case of fishes, how can the fact that it is necessary to import turbot be explained, if Chile owns local species of flat fishes Paralichthydae: Pleuronectiforms such as Hippoglosina macrops, Paralichthys patagonicus and five other large-size species distributed in almost all Chilean waters?

We believe it is necessary to use endemic species in aquaculture wherever possible, even though this will often require research to determine optimal conditions for cultivation, often taking many years, e.

Concholepas concholepas. Unfortunately, many granting organizations are not set up to support long term studies. This is unfortunate since not only do these problems need to be addressed, but long term projects are required to train people.

A possible solution would be to establish an international organization whose goal must be to fund long term projects. On the plus side, this will improve local research capacities. It is very important that international organizations and governments understand this situation. Anonymous Nuevos cultivos: la otra cara de la acuicultura en Chile. Aquanoticias Internacional Anonymous Puyes en cultivo. Fontus 4: Bartley D Biodiversity conservation and the establishment of coho salmon broodstock in Chile.

FAO Aquacult. Bartley D, Casal C Impacts of introductions on the conservation and sustainable use of aquatic biodiversity. Sawn Galaxias, Galaxia fontanus. The Ecologist Rome, Italy. Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Gardner JPA Hybridization in the sea. Marine Biol. Brenesia: , Gross MR One species with two biologies: Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the wild and in aquaculture. Hedrick PW Invasion of transgenes from salmon or other genetically modified organisms into natural populations.

Tomo I. Landergreen P Spawning of anadromous rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum : a threat to sea trout, Salmo trutta L.

Fisheries Res. Caracas, Venezuela. Copeia: Muir WM, Howard RD Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: sexual selection and the Trojan gene hypothesis.

USA Naturalist Science Nature Interciencia