Pcd ccs manual

What is your problem to write your own library for PIC18? In datasheet is no registry and impemention details. I'm on half way to rewrite from ccs, but don't know some basic rules or syntax.

Sorry for this newbie question, but could not find clearly in docs. I was never use ccs. Just read C language manual. In docs of ccs is int8 as signed and unsigned, but in code is only int8.

I cannot find ccs default meaning, if it is signed or not. I understand it maybe not question to ask here. Sorry for this newbie question. Access is Denied. And as I wrote, I never work with ccs. So in manual it is not clear for me. I don't know what PCD is. And again, VL53LX manual doesn't contain implementation details. Place the cursor at the desired location in the Cursor code and click on this button to execute the code till that address.

Snapshot This allows users to record various debugging information. Debug information like watches, ram values, data eeprom values, rom values , peripheral status can be conveniently logged. This log can be saved, printed, overwritten or appended. The Script functions and variable of the program can be accesses and the debugger creates a report of the results. Debug This drop down menu allows viewing of a particular debug tab. Click on the tab Windows name in the drop down list which you want to view and it will bring up that tab in the debugger window.

Format This utility formats the source file for indenting, color syntax highlighting, and other Source formatting options. Generate This will call the document generator program which uses a user generated Document template in. RTF format to merge with comment from the source code to produce an output file in. RTF format as source code documentation. Flow Chart Opens a flow chart program for quick and easy charting. This tool can be used to generate simple graphics including schematics.

Keyword at Index search in Help File for the keyword at the cursor location. Press F1 to use Cursor this feature. Preprocessor Specific Help File page for listing of commonly used preprocessor commands. Built-in Specific Help File page for listing of commonly used built-in functions provided by Functions the compiler. Technical Technical Support wizard to directly contact Technical Support via email and the Support ability to attach files. Check for Automatically invokes Download Manager to view local and current versions of Software software.

Every C program must contain a main function which is the starting point of the program execution. The program can be split into multiple functions according to the their purpose and the functions could be called from main or the subfunctions.

In a large project functions can also be placed in different C files or header files that can be included in the main C file to group the related functions by their category.

CCS C also requires to include the appropriate device file using include directive to include the device specific functionality. There are also some preprocessor directives like fuses to specify the fuses for the chip and use delay to specify the clock speed. The functions contain the data declarations,definitions,statements and expressions. The compiler also provides a large number of standard C libraries as well as other device drivers that can be included and used in the programs.

CCS also provides a large number of built-in functions to access the various peripherals included in the PIC microcontroller. Comments — Standard Comments A comment may appear anywhere within a file except within a quoted string.

Comments for Documentation Generator- The compiler recognizes comments in the source code based on certain markups.

The compiler recognizes these special types of comments that can be later exported for use in the documentation generator. The documentation generator utility uses a user selectable template to export these comments and create a formatted output document in Rich Text File Format. This utility is only available in the IDE version of the compiler. The source code markups are as follows. Global Comments — These are named comments that appear at the top of your source code.

The comment names are case sensitive and they must match the case used in the documentation template. The actual comment that follows it will be exported as a paragraph to the documentation generator. Variable Comments — A variable comment is a comment that appears immediately after a variable declaration. Function Comments — A function comment is a comment that appears just before a function declaration.

Function Named Comments — The named comments can be used for functions in a similar manner to the Global Comments. These comments appear before the function, and the names are exported as-is to the documentation generator. The compiler accepts three character sequences instead of some special characters not available on all keyboards as follows: Sequence Same as?? When there are multiple files in a project they can all be included using the include in the main file or the subfiles to use the automatic linker included in the compiler.

All the header files, standard libraries and driver files can be included using this method to automatically link them. For example: if you have main. Note that the module directive can be used in any include file to limit the visibility of the symbol in that file. Traditionally the CCS C compilers used only one compilation unit and multiple files were implemented with include files.

When using multiple compilation units care must be given that preprocessor commands that control the compilation are compatible across all units. It is recommended directives such as fuses, use and the device header file all be put in an include file included by all units. When a unit is compiled it will output a relocatable object file.

Each unit: project. To make a variable private to the unit use the keyword static. Notice report. If the definition were changed to look as the following line, then there would be a link time error since main.

In this case the CCS linker simply deletes the duplicate function. Because of the above rule, these files may be include'd in multiple units without taking up extra ROM and with no need to include these in the link command since they are not units. If a define needs to be shared between units put them in an include file that is include'd by both units. Project wide defines in our example could go into prject. This file should define the chip, speed, fuses and any other compiler settings that should be the same for all units in the project.

This creates an RS library in each unit. The linker is able to determine the libraries are the same and the duplicates removed in the final link. When the compilations are done in a batch file it may be useful to terminate the batch run on the first error. The syntax is : if expr stmt-1; [else stmt-2;] The expression is evaluated; if it is true stmt-1 is done. If it is false then stmt-2 is done. The syntax is if expr stmt; [else if expr stmt;] If none of the conditions are satisfied the last else part is executed.

The syntax is while expr statement The expression is evaluated and the statement is executed until it becomes false in which case the execution continues after the statement. It differs from While and For loop in that the termination condition is checked at the bottom of the loop rather than at the top and so the body of the loop is always executed at least once.

The syntax is do statement while expr ; The statement is executed; the expr is evaluated. If true, the same is repeated and when it becomes false the loop terminates.

The syntax is for expr1;expr2;expr3 statement The expressions are loop control statements. Any of them can be omitted. Switch is also a special multi-way decision maker.

If none of the cases are satisfied the default case is executed. The break causes an immediate exit, otherwise control falls through to the next case. Statement: return [expr]; A return statement allows an immediate exit from a switch or a loop or function and also returns a value. The syntax is return expr ;. Statement: goto label; The goto statement cause an unconditional branch to the label. The syntax is goto label; A label has the same form as a variable name, and is followed by a colon.

The goto's are used sparingly, if at all. Statement: break; The break statement is used to exit out of a control loop. It provides an early exit from while, for ,do and switch. The syntax is break; It causes the innermost enclosing loop or switch to be exited immediately. Statement: continue; The continue statement causes the next iteration of the enclosing loop While, For, Do to begin. The syntax is continue; It causes the test part to be executed immediately in case of do and while and the control passes the re-initialization step in case of for.

The compiler has limited support for reference parameters. This increases the readability of code and the efficiency of some inline procedures. The following two procedures are the same. The one with reference parameters will be implemented with greater efficiency when it is inline. The compiler supports a variable number of parameters. The function can be passed any number of variables and any data types. A function with variable number of parameters requires two things.

First, it requires the ellipsis The ellipsis represents the variable argument list. Second, it requires one more variable before the ellipsis Usually you will use this variable as a method for determining how many variables have been pushed onto the ellipsis.

Here is a function that calculates and returns the sum of all variables: int Sum int count, Default parameters allows a function to have default values if nothing is passed to it when called. This function waits n milliseconds for a character over RS If a character is received, it saves it to the pointer c and returns TRUE. Overloaded functions allow the user to have multiple functions with the same name, but they must accept different parameters.

The return types must remain the same. Here is an example of function overloading: Two functions have the same name but differ in the types of parameters. The compiler determines which data type is being passed as a parameter and calls the proper function. FindSquareRoot is now called. If variable is of long type, it will call the first FindSquareRoot example. If variable is of float type, it will call the second FindSquareRoot example.

This section describes what the basic data types and specifiers are and how variables can be declared using those types. In C all the variables should be declared before they are used. They can be defined inside a function local or outside all functions global.

This will affect the visibility and life of the variables. C Standard Type Default Type short int8 char unsigned int8 int int16 long int32 long long int64 float float32 double float Note: All types, except char, by default are signed; however, may be preceded by unsigned or signed Except int64 may only be signed.

Short and long may have the keyword INT following them with no effect. Also see TYPE to change the default size. Pointers to bits are not permitted. Integers are stored in little endian format. The LSB is in the lowest address. Float formats are described in common questions. Type-Qualifier static Variable is globally active and initialized to 0. Only accessible from this compilation unit.

This is the default and AUTO need not be used. No storage is allocated. Is used to make otherwise out of scope data accessible. There must be a non- extern definition at the global level in some compilation unit.

This is the default data type if not specified. Type void is used for declaring main programs and subroutines. The id after ENUM is created as a type large enough to the largest constant in the list.

The ids in the list are each created as a constant. By default the first id is set to zero and they increment by one. Struct structuretype: creates a collection of one or more variables, possibly of different types, grouped together as a single unit. One or more, Zero semi-colon or more separated. Field Allocation - Fields are allocated in the order they appear.

Some Bits may by unused. Union union type: holds objects of different types and sizes, with the compiler keeping track of size and alignment requirements. They provide a way to manipulate different kinds of data in a single area of storage. If typedef is used with any of the basic or special types it creates a new type name that can be used in declarations.

The identifier does not allocate space but rather may be used as a type specifier in other data definitions. A declaration specifies a type qualifier and a type specifier, and is followed by a list of one or more variables of that type. For e. Variables can also be declared along with the definitions of the special types.

CCS C compiler also provides a custom qualifier addressmod which can be used to define a memory region that can be RAM, program eeprom, data eeprom or external memory.

Addressmod replaces the older typemod with a different syntax. Note: If the area is defined in RAM then read and write functions are not required, the variables assigned in the memory region defined by the addressmod can be treated as a regular variable in all valid expressions.

Any structure or data type can be used with an addressmod. Pointers can also be made to an addressmod data type. The type directive can be used to make this memory region as default for variable allocations. CCS C Compiler provides a few different ways to use program memory for data. The different ways are discussed below:. Constants should be initialized and may not be changed at run-time. This is an easy way to create lookup tables. The ROM Qualifier puts data in program memory with 3 bytes per instruction space.

The address used for ROM data is not a physical address but rather a true byte address. The org preprocessor can be used to place the constant to specified address blocks.

For example: The constant ID will be at 1C The constant variable can be accessed in the code. This is a great way of storing constant data in large programs.

Variable length constant strings can be stored into program memory. A special method allows the use of pointers to ROM. This method does not contain extra code at the start of the structure as does constant.. The compiler allows a non-standard C feature to implement a constant array of variable length strings.

Where n is optional and id is the table identifier. ROM directive: Another method is to use rom to assign data to program memory. Please refer to the help of these functions to get more details on their usage and limitations regarding erase procedures. These functions can be used only on chips that allow writes to program memory. The compiler uses the flash memory erase and write routines to implement the functionality. These functions can be used only on chips that allow reads from program memory.

The compiler uses the flash memory read routines to implement the functionality. Optional See Below Zero or more comma separated. Zero or more Semi-colon See Data Types separated.

See Statements. When one of the above are used and the function has a prototype forward declaration of the function before it is defined you must include the qualifier on both the prototype and function definition. A non-standard feature has been added to the compiler to help get around the problems created by the fact that pointers cannot be created to constant strings.

A function that has one CHAR parameter will accept a constant string where it is called. The compiler will generate a loop that will call the function once for each character in the string. These options let the user configure and use the analog to digital converter module.

They are only available on devices with the ADC hardware. The options for the functions and directives vary depending on the chip and are listed in the device header file. On some devices there are two independent ADC modules, for these chips the second module is configured using secondary ADC setup functions Ex.

The mode can also control the functionality. The options vary depending on the chip, please refer to the header file for details. Some chips have more than one comparator unit, and hence more interrupts. The listed interrupts are no available to the MCP interface chip. It is also used to set the ID of the message to be sent. Relevant Include Files: can-mcp The configuration memory contains the configuration bits for things such as the oscillator mode, watchdog timer enable, etc.

These configuration bits are set by the CCS C compiler usually through a fuse. Other members of the PCD family do not have this peripheral at the time of writing this manual. The checksum is a unique number associated with a message or a block of data containing several bytes.

The built-in CRC module has the following features:. These options let the user configure and use the digital to analog converter module. They are only available on devices with the DAC hardware. Reference voltages. Relevant Preprocessor: use delay Must add an auxiliary clock in the use delay preprocessor. The data eeprom memory is readable and writable in some chips.

These options lets the user read and write to the data eeprom memory. These functions are only available in flash chips. The maximum return size is int It is a multiple-protocol interface peripheral that allows the user to connect to many common audio codecs through common and highly configurable pulse code modulation transmission protocols. The transfer takes place between peripheral data registers and data space RAM.

The module has 8 channels and since each channel is unidirectional, two channels must be allocated to read and write to a peripheral. Each DMA channel can move a black of up to data elements after it generates an interrupt to the CPU to indicate that the lock is available for processing.

Relevant Preprocessor: None. These functions will affect the pins that are listed in the device header file. This will allow the pin to float high to represent a high on an open collector type of connection. A '1' is an input and '0' is for output. Relevant getenv parameters: PIN:pb Returns a 1 if bit b on port p is on this part. These functions allow for the configuration of the input capture module.

The timer source for the input capture operation can be set to either Timer 2 or Timer 3. In capture mode the value of the selected timer is copied to the ICxBUF register when an input event occurs and interrupts can be configured to fire as needed.

If wait is true, program flow waits until a new result is present. Otherwise the oldest value in the buffer is returned. In many cases consult your target datasheet or family data sheet for target specifics the fast RC oscillator may be connected to a PLL system, allowing a broad range of frequencies to be selected. The Watchdog timer is derived from the slow internal oscillator.

Relevant Preprocessor: Specifies the values loaded in the device configuration memory. The following functions allow for the control of the interrupt subsystem of the microcontroller.

With these functions, interrupts can be enabled, disabled, and cleared. With the preprocessor directives, a default function can be called for any interrupt that does not have an associated isr, and a global function can replace the compiler generated interrupt dispatcher.

This can be either rising or falling edge. This can be used if a global isr is used, or to prevent an interrupt from being serviced. This function will replace the compiler generated interrupt dispatcher. If the compiler generated interrupt dispatcher is used, the compiler will take care of clearing the interrupt flag bits. Relevant Include Files: none, all functions built in. The linker allows allows multiple files to be compiled into multiple objects.

CCS provides an example that demonstrates the use of the linker in the mcu. The files in this project are as follows: main. Each unit will produce a.

Move the project files into a directory. Edit the Buildall. EXE is correct. From a DOS prompt set the default directory to the project directory. The required lines in the project. Replacing the linker command line with a linker script: 1. Create a file named project. Compile each unit report, filter, main. Compile project. If the file does not exist create the project manually and make screen like the above. Review the right click options for the full range of options.

Follow the dialog boxes to. If the definition were changed to look as the following line then there would be a link time error since main. Use static to make a function local to the unit.

Because of the above rule these files may be include'd in multiple units without taking up extra ROM and with no need to include these in the link command since they are not units. Project wide defines in our example could go into project. The following functions are used to configure the output compare module.

The output compare has three modes of functioning. Single compare, dual compare, and PWM. In single compare the output compare module simply compares the value of the OCxR register to the value of the timer and triggers a corresponding output event on match. This can be set to either occur once or repeatedly. For all three modes of operation, the selected timer can either be Timer 2 or Timer 3.

The MCPWM is used to generate a periodic pulse waveform which is useful is motor control and power control applications. The options for these functions vary depending on the chip and are listed in the device header file. The flash program memory is readable and writable in some chips and is just readable in some.

These options lets the user read and write to the flash program memory. When this is used make sure the eeprom is not written both inside and outside the ISR. If the first address is not the start of a block that block is not erased - While writing, every fourth byte will be ignored. Fill ignored bytes with 0x This is due to the 32 bit addressing and 24 bit instruction length on the PCD devices.

If the first address is not the start of a block that block is not erased. The lowest address bits are not used. No erase is needed. The Quadrature Encoder Interface QEI module provides the interface to incremental encoders for obtaining mechanical positional data. Key features of the PMP module are:. Use GETC to receive each character until return is encountered. Uses putc to send each character. Refer to the printf help for details on format string.

Useful for polling without waiting in getc. Refer to the help for more advanced options. Relevant Preprocessor: use rs options This directive tells the compiler the baud rate and other options like transmit, receive and enable pins. Please refer to the use rs help for more advanced options. More than one RS statements can be used to specify different streams. If stream is not specified the function will use the last use rs The key features of the module are:.

This operating system is cooperatively multitasking and allows for tasks to be scheduled to run at specified time intervals. All task management tasks are implemented by this function.

The parameter to this function is the name of task to be enabled. The parameter to this function is the name of the task to be disabled. The data is placed in the receiving task's message queue. All tasks should call this function when finished.

The statistics include the minimum and maximum times for the task to run and the total time the task has spent running.

Relevant Preprocessor: use rtos options This directive is used to specify several different RTOS attributes including the timer to use, the minor cycle time and whether or not statistics should be enabled. For software support, see use spi. Relevant Include Files: None, all functions built-in to the compiler.

Many of these timers may be concatenated into a hybrid 32 bit timer. Also, one timer may be configured to use a low power Timer1 is a 16 bit timer. It is the only timer that may not be concatenated into a hybrid 32 bit timer. However, it alone may use a synchronous external clock. This feature may be used with a low power Timers 2 through 9 are 16 bit timers. They may use external clock sources only asynchronously and they may not act as low power real time clock sources.

They may however be concatenated into 32 bit timers. This is done by configuring an even numbered timer timer 2, 4, 6 or 8 as the least significant word, and the corresponding odd numbered timer timer 3, 5, 7 or 9, respectively as the most significant word of the new 32 bit timer.

Timer interrupts will occur when the timer overflows. Overflow will happen when the timer surpasses its period, which by default is 0xFFFF. X may be any valid timer for the target device. Consult the target datasheet or use getenv to find the valid timers. X is any valid timer number. These functions configure the voltage reference module. These are available only in the supported chips. Constants are defined in the devices.

Voltage level is above 3. Pre-processor directives all begin with a and are followed by a specific command. Syntax is dependent on the command. Many commands do not allow other syntactical elements on the remainder of the line.

A table of commands and a description is listed on the previous page. Several of the pre-processor directives are extensions to standard C. C provides a pre-processor directive that compilers will accept and ignore or act upon the following data. To be compatible with other compilers, this may be used before non-standard features. Syntax: asm or asm ASIS code endasm. These may be used anywhere an expression is allowed.

The syntax is described on the following page. Function return values are sent in W0 for bit, and W0, w1 for 32 bit. If the second form is used with ASIS then the compiler will not do any optimization on the assembly. The assembly code is used as-is.

Wa AND. Wa byte. Wb byte AND. Wd byte AND. Wa byte AND. B Wd,B Wa. C Wa,Wd Wa. Z Wa,Wd Wa. Wb BTST. B Wd Status set for Wa — 0 byte. B Wa,Wd Skip if Wa! Wb IOR. Wb byte IOR. Purpose: Tells the compiler to assign the data for the next variable, array or structure into DMA bank. Purpose: Tells the compiler to assign the data for the next variable, array, or structure into Bank X.

Elements: None Purpose: Tells the compiler to assign the data for the next variable, array, or structure into Bank Y. Purpose: A new C variable one bit is created and is placed in memory at byte x and bit y. This is useful to gain access in C directly to a bit in the processors special function register map.

It may also be used to easily access a bit of a standard C variable. Start and end are used to specify a range in memory to be used. Efforts to decrease SSB intake could consider sociodemographic and geographic differences in SSB intake to inform design of interventions. Frequent intake of sugar-sweetened beverages SSBs is associated with adverse health outcomes, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Approximately two-thirds of adults reported consuming SSBs at least daily, including more than 7 in 10 adults in Hawaii, Arkansas, Wyoming, South Dakota, Connecticut, and South Carolina, with significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics. Efforts to decrease SSB consumption could consider the sociodemographic and geographic differences in SSB intake when designing equitable interventions. Sugar-sweetened beverages SSBs are a leading source of added sugars in the US diet and are associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and tooth decay 1—4.

Previous studies reported geographic differences in SSB intake 6—8. However, no study has reported SSB intake for every state. Data were combined to increase the sample size and reduce the variability associated with state estimates.

Adults responded with intake frequency per day, week, or month for each beverage type. Weekly and monthly intake frequency for each type of beverage was converted to daily intake frequency by dividing by 7 or 30, respectively. SSB categories and frequency cutoff of once per day were used, consistent with previous studies 6,7.

Prevalence estimates were calculated for SSB categories and by state for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Overall, Among sociodemographic categories with significant differences overall, the prevalence of SSB intake was highest among adults aged 18 to 24 The prevalence of SSB intake did not significantly differ by marital status. By state, SSB intake of 1 or more times daily ranged from These 6 states had a prevalence of daily SSB intake of Only 1 state, Alaska Most states had a daily intake prevalence between Daily SSB intake is common among US adults and is particularly high in some states and among some populations.