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A sea of red at the closing rally of the Avante! Festival outside Lisbon this past weekend. These organisms, given the breed and presence of numerous foamy macrophages were considered compatible with Pneumocystis trophozoites.

Also a few septate fungal hyphae and pleomorphic bacteria were noted in the BAL from the right side. Numerous darkly staining spherical organisms in addition to the fungal hyphae were noted. Closer examination of less darkly stained structures reveiled a typical yeast like structure. Pneumocystoisis was then suspected but identifying a convenient laboratory which would perform PCR testing was not possible at the time of diagnosis.

CKCS and Miniature Dachshunds appear to be predisposed to infection due to a suspected immunodeficient condition. The diagnosis is made by identifying the fungi in histologic sections. Pneumocystis cannot be cultured using conventional techniques, but novel cell culture systems have recently been described.

A PCR test has been developed however. Carmichael Torrance Vet. Diagnostic Lab. April Quote: "The dog had presented with recurrent dyspnoea and tachypnoea and showed a generalized interstitial pattern on radiographs.

A few small round granular structures are found in a cytospin preparation from a BAL, consistent with Pneumocystis Carinii. This may be associated with an immunodeficient condition which has already been reported in Miniature Dachshunds, and assessment of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG is advisable in these cases. PCR is also available, although this is usually carried out on lung tissue rather than washing fluid and false negative results may be possible.

Pneumocystis infection in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Emma Scurrell. CytoPath Vet. Radiographs revealed an interstitial lung pattern.

The rectal temperature was normal. A bronchoalveolar lavage BAL was performed. Fig 1 right. Cytological findings revealed low numbers of neutrophils and macrophages and large numbers of extra- and intracellular um organisms typical of Pneumocystis spp.

The red arrows point to two macrophages which are distended by the small fungal bodies stained with modified Wrights-Giemsa. Final Diagnosis: Pneumocytis pneumonia. Discussion: Pneumocystis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen affecting humans and animals with impaired immunity. The entire life cycle is in the lungs and lesions are usually limited to the lungs. Any breed of dog can potentially be affected however Miniature Dachshunds and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are predisposed, suspected to be associated with underlying immunodeficiency.

Diagnosis is usually made on direct visualisation of the organisms in BAL fluid or in a transthoracic lung aspirate. The organism will not culture using conventional techniques. Eukaryotic Microbiology. Due to changes in nomenclature and assignment, available sequences are presented with a variety of inhomogeneous information, which renders practical utilization difficult.

The aim of this study was the descriptive evaluation of different parameters of Pneumocystis sequences of mitochondrial and ribosomal origin downloaded from GenBank with regard to completeness and information content.

Pneumocystis sequences were characterized by up to four different names. Official changes in nomenclature have only been partly implemented and the usage of the 'forma specialis', a special feature of Pneumocystis, has only been established fragmentary in the database.

Hints for a mitochondrial or ribosomal genomic origin could be found, but can easily be overlooked, which renders the download of wrong reference material possible. The specification of the host was either not available or variable regarding the used language and the localization of this information in the title or several subtitles, which limits their applicability in phylogenetic studies.

Declaration of products and geographic origin was incomplete. Pneumocystis canis pneumonia in dogs. Microbiology Australia. March ; Quote: Pneumocystis canis is a potential cause of life-threatening interstitial fungal pneumonia in dogs. Historically, Australian veterinarians had a key role in the documentation of this entity and its conspicuous breed associations.

Affected Dachshunds and CKCS are likely to have an inherited immunodeficiency that predisposes them to infection with this commensal organism of the respiratory tract and pharynx. A high index of suspicion is required to make a timely diagnosis and save affected patients, as these dogs cope poorly with anaesthesia and other measures to procure the specimens required to make a definitive diagnosis.

Possible co-infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica must be considered when determining antimicrobial strategies. Affected dogs occasionally have a previous or concurrent history of generalised demodicosis. With early intervention, affected dogs can be saved, although some require life-long therapy to prevent recurrence. The future challenge is to develop fast molecular techniques to diagnose P. Molecular diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in dogs.

Canfield, Mark B. February Quote: Pneumocystis pneumonia PCP is a life-threatening fungal disease that can occur in dogs. The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary genetic characterisation of Pneumocystis carinii f.

We investigated P. The subcohort of CKCS ranged in age from 1 to 6 years, with a median age of 2 years and comprised six males and four fe-males.

The latter four dogs were thought to have been colonized by P. Phylogenetic analyses showed that P. Pneumocystosis in dogs: meta-analysis of 43 published cases including clinical signs, diagnostic procedures, and treatment.

November Quote: We evaluated 43 published cases of dogs with confirmed Pneumocystis infection [including 16 cavalier King Charles spaniels and 17 miniature Dachshunds] regarding the value of clinical parameters indicating the presence of the disease as well as tools for the detection of the pathogen. The assessed parameters included clinical signs, laboratory findings, results of thoracic radiography, autopsy, histopathology, methods for the detection of Pneumocystis, as well as medical therapy.

Pneumocystosis was diagnosed most often in certain breeds Cavalier King Charles Spaniel , Miniature Dachshund with a predisposition for impaired immunity. Dachshunds are reported to have a predisposition for combined B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and typical clinical after-effects, such as severe respiratory tract infections, are documented. Given that Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were more susceptible to pneumocystosis than other breeds, a similar impairment of immunity was also assumed, but has not yet been confirmed.

In a study, 2 King Charles Cavalier Spaniel littermates were affected by pneumocystosis, which also supports suspicions of an underlying heritable immunodeficiency in this breed. The median age of the dogs was 1 y. Chronic therapy-resistant respiratory signs, such as tachypnea, dyspnea, and cough, along with leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and hypogammaglobulinemia, were the most frequently described clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities.

Pneumocystosis can be masked by coinfections with other respiratory pathogens, and the successful detection of Pneumocystis organisms is of major relevance. Several detection methods have been used in the past, but only a few provide reliable results. In , the cytologic evaluation of Giemsa-stained bronchoalveolar lavage samples is generally used, even if sensitivity is only moderate. More reliable results can be achieved using special stains or sensitive molecular techniques.

Fast and reliable detection of Pneumocystis is the essential basis for appropriate treatment and higher survival chances for dogs. The administration of an immunosuppressive dose of prednisolone of 15 mg q12h has only been described once in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.

Because pneumocystosis occurs only rarely in dogs, there is little experience with the regulation of corticosteroid concentrations and the balance between immunosuppression and proliferation of the fungus.

Additionally, predisposition for Pneumocystis infections of dog breeds with inherited immunodeficiency should be considered in the choice of an appropriate therapy.

Diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia in a 2-year-old King Charles Cavalier Spaniel using the polymerase chain reaction. Ayeley A. Okine, Seth Chapman, Roger A. Hostutler, Robert Livingston. March ;47 1 Quote: A 2-year-old, female spayed, King Charles Cavalier Spaniel was presented for evaluation of dyspnea, inappetence, and lethargy. Thoracic radiographs revealed a moderate diffuse interstitial lung pattern affecting the perihilar and caudodorsal lung fields, and an echocardiogram revealed severe pulmonary hypertension.

A bronchoalveolar lavage BAL was performed, and cytology revealed mixed inflammation with cysts and trophozoites consistent with Pneumocystis. Pneumocystis infection was later confirmed with PCR. To the author's knowledge, this report represents the first case of canine pneumocystis pneumonia diagnosed antemortem with PCR from a BAL sample.

Pneumocystis represents an important, but uncommon cause of afebrile pneumonia in immunosuppressed dogs. The diagnostic approach to coughing in dogs and cats. Jenny Reeve. Companion Anim. July ;23 7 Quote: Coughing is a common presenting sign in dogs, less so in cats, and may be a manifestation of a wide range of disorders, from acute self-limiting disease that does not require specific diagnosis and treatment, through to acute and chronic diseases of varying severity that require appropriate investigation to guide optimal management and outcome.

This article reviews the diagnostic approach to coughing. Table 1. Causes of coughing with associated commonly affected breeds CT findings in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in five dogs. Schiborra, C. August ;59 8 6. Quote: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a rare disease in dogs. It is primarily reported in cavalier King Charles spaniels and miniature dachshunds with suspected underlying immunodeficiency. This case series reports the findings in five dogs four cavalier King Charles spaniels and one Bedlington terrier with confirmed P.

Thoracic CT revealed ground glass opacity of the pulmonary parenchyma with a diffuse or multifocal distribution. The severity of this pattern was variable. Less consistent imaging findings included parenchymal bands, bronchial dilation and signs consistent with pulmonary hypertension. Four dogs recovered well with treatment and there was resolution of CT abnormalities in all dogs with follow-up.

May ;97 5 The dog was diagnosed with Pneumocystis canis based on PCR with supportive clinical, radiographic and cytological findings. No other clinical evidence of immunocompromise was identified through assessment of haematology and immunoglobulin quantification. Clinical signs completely resolved with a short course of potentiated sulfonamides and discontinuation of the toceranib.

It is also the first case of opportunist infection secondary to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in dogs. Dachshunds and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are by far the most commonly reported breeds.

Most cases present at less than 2 years of age, although Cavalier King Charles Spaniels can present at a slightly older age with one case recorded in a 6-year old dog. Nested—polymerase chain reaction detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. Case Rpts. April ; Quote: A 7-month-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel female was referred due to a chronic cough refractory to antibiotic treatments.

Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis, increased serum C-reactive protein, hypogammaglobulinemia, and decreased total serum immunoglobulin G concentration.

Thoracic radiographs showed a mild bronchial pattern. Cytology of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed a septic inflammation. Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma spp. Moreover, Escherichia coli was also cultured from urine. Pneumocystis spp. The dog died due to cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to a spontaneous pneumothorax on the day following the procedure.

This report documents the detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. While signalment, medical history, clinicopathological, and nested PCR findings supported a PP diagnosis in our dog, the radiographic findings were not consistent with PP.